Frequently asked questions

Drawings are the way to show the invention so that patent examiner can understand what is noble and innovative in the invention. Drawings easily show what inventor wants to claim.

A creative idea which can help simplify any difficult task.

A patent protects an innovative idea or invention by granting its owner exclusive rights, preventing others from making, using, or selling the invention without permission.

To protect an invention, the inventor must file a patent application in their home country. To secure protection in other countries, separate patent applications must be filed in each respective country.

•Anything which is Novel – a new idea – must be first its kind in that jurisdiction. •Must have utility – it should work. •Must be inventiveness – must be a new development or an improvement of an existing technology that would not have been obvious to someone working in your area of specialty. To be granted a patent, your invention can be: •a product (a door lock) •a composition (a chemical composition used in lubricants for door locks) •a machine (a machine for making door locks) •a process (a method for making door locks) •an improvement on any of these.

Filing a utility patent in the United States through the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) typically follows these basic steps: 1. Determine Patentability • Ensure the invention is new, useful, and non-obvious. • Check if it fits under a utility patent (process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter). 2. Conduct a Patent Search • Search existing patents and publications to see if a similar invention already exists. • Use free databases such as: • United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent Search • Google Patents • Or hire a Patent Analyst/contact a company to conduct a paid prior art search. 3. Prepare the Patent Application A utility patent application generally includes: • Specification (description of the invention) • Claims (legal scope of protection) • Abstract • Drawings (if required to understand the invention) • Oath or Declaration • Application Data Sheet (ADS) 4. Prepare Patent Drawings • Drawings must follow strict formatting rules set by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. • Clear line drawings are usually required for utility patents. (This step is especially critical because poor drawing quality is a common reason for objections.) 5. File the Application • Submit the application electronically using the USPTO system: • Patent Centre (USPTO filing system) • Pay filing, search, and examination fees. 6. Application Examination • A USPTO patent examiner reviews the application. • The examiner may issue an Office Action requesting clarification, amendments, or rejecting claims. 7. Respond to Office Actions • The applicant or patent attorney responds with arguments or amended claims. 8. Allowance or Final Rejection • If the examiner finds the invention patentable, a Notice of Allowance is issued. • If not, the application may receive a final rejection (which can be appealed). 9. Pay Issue Fee and Grant • After paying the issue fee, the patent is granted and published as a U.S. utility patent. 10. Maintenance Fees • To keep the patent valid, maintenance fees must be paid at 3.5, 7.5, and 11.5 years after grant. Typical timeline: 2–4 years, depending on the technology area and backlog.

The basic steps of filing a design patent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) are as follows: 1. Determine Eligibility • A design patent protects the ornamental appearance of an article of manufacture. • The design must be new, original, and non-obvious. 2. Conduct a Design Search • Search existing design patents and published applications to check if a similar design already exists. • This can be done using free databases such as: • United States Patent and Trademark Office design patent search • Google Patents • Or hire a Patent Analyst/contact a company to conduct a paid prior art search. 3. Prepare Patent Drawings or Photographs • Drawings are the most important part of a design patent application because they define the scope of protection. • Drawings must clearly show the design from different views, such as: • Perspective view • Front view • Rear view • Left side view • Right side view • Top view • Bottom view • Broken lines may be used to show the environment or unclaimed portions. (This is often the step where many applications get objections due to inconsistent views or poor line quality.) 4. Prepare the Specification A design patent specification is usually short and includes: • Title of the design • Cross-reference to related applications (if any) • Statement regarding federal funding (if applicable) • Description of the figures • Single claim 5. Draft the Claim Design patents normally have one claim, such as: “The ornamental design for a [article], as shown and described.” 6. File the Application • Submit the application electronically through: • Patent Centre (USPTO filing system) • Required documents include: • Specification • Drawings • Oath/Declaration • Application Data Sheet (ADS) • Filing fees 7. Examination by USPTO • A patent examiner reviews the application. • The examiner may issue an Office Action requesting corrections or rejecting the design. 8. Respond to Office Actions • The applicant or attorney submits amendments or arguments addressing the examiner’s concerns. 9. Notice of Allowance and Grant • If the design is found patentable, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issues a Notice of Allowance. • After paying the issue fee, the design patent is granted. 10. Patent Term • A U.S. design patent lasts 15 years from the date of grant, and no maintenance fees are required. Typical timeline: about 12–18 months from filing to grant.

Patent applications in Canada are handled by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). 1. Patentability Assessment • Confirm the invention is new, useful, and non-obvious. 2. Prior Art Search • Search existing patents and publications to ensure the invention is unique. 3. Prepare the Patent Application The application generally includes: • Specification (detailed description of the invention) • Claims (legal scope of protection) • Abstract • Drawings (if needed) • Application forms 4. File the Patent Application • Submit the application to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 5. Publication • The application is published 18 months from the earliest filing date. 6. Request Examination • Examination must be requested within 4 years of the filing date. 7. Examination by CIPO • A patent examiner reviews the application and may issue Office Actions. 8. Respond to Examiner’s Reports • The applicant responds with amendments or arguments. 9. Allowance and Grant • If accepted, the patent is granted after payment of the final fee. 10. Maintenance Fees • Annual maintenance fees must be paid to keep the patent in force.

Industrial design applications are also filed through the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 1. Determine Registrability The design must be: • Original • Not previously published 2. Prepare Drawings or Photographs These define the scope of protection and must clearly show: • Perspective view, front, rear, left, right, top and bottom views 3. Prepare the Application Includes: • Title of the article • Description of the design • Drawings or photos • Applicant information 4. File the Application Submit to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 5. Examination CIPO examines the application for compliance and novelty. 6. Registration If approved, the design is registered and published. 7. Term of Protection Industrial design protection in Canada lasts up to 15 years from registration (with a maintenance fee after 5 years).

International patent applications are filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 1. File an International Application Submit the PCT application through: • A national office (e.g., Canadian Intellectual Property Office) • or directly via World Intellectual Property Organization. 2. International Search An International Searching Authority (ISA) performs a prior art search and issues: • International Search Report (ISR) • Written Opinion. 3. Publication The application is published 18 months from the priority date. 4. Optional International Preliminary Examination Applicants may request further examination to refine claims. 5. National Phase Entry Around 30 months from the priority date, the applicant enters individual countries where protection is desired. 6. National Examination Each national patent office examines the application according to its local laws.

International industrial design protection is available through the Hague System, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation. 1. Prepare the Design Application Includes: • Drawings or photographs of the design • Description (if required) • Applicant information 2. File an International Application Submit one application through the Hague System to the World Intellectual Property Organisation. 3. Designate Countries Choose the countries or regions where protection is required (e.g., Canada, the EU, the US). 4. Formal Examination by WIPO WIPO checks the application for formal requirements. 5. Publication The design is published in the International Designs Bulletin. 6. National Examination Each designated country examines the design according to its laws. 7. Registration and Protection If accepted by the designated countries, the design is protected in those jurisdictions.